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学習院大学（文）２
　　　In the control of crime, fear of being punished ― even severely ― is not enough if every criminal believes that he, personally, will not get caught. To the fear of punishment must be added the fear of getting caught. That is why an informer system, where someone reports the crime, tends to be eff...
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学習院大学（法）1
　　Nature is strong and healthy in the sense that it can recover quickly from fire, disease and other calamities. But what fills the space is often different from what went before. In that sense, the continuity of nature is a romantic illusion and its gentle harmony a myth. A closer look at that idyl...
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学習院大学（法）２
　　　(1) A nation is a community and as such is to some extent exclusive. Its members share a sense of common identity and have special moral duties to each other. The national community also has moral duties to outsiders, although these are more limited than towards its own members. Not everyone in t...
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関西学院大学（社会）１
　　　Culture is not necessarily rooted in biology. That is, culture is not race. Two people of the same race can either share the same values and behaviors ― that is, culture ― or they can be very dissimilar in their cultural values and behaviors. Now, it is true that people of the same racial heritag...
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関西大学（法）
　　Fortunately, some thinkers are recognizing that technology can take us away from life, can isolate us, and can destroy. If we listen to them carefully, though their opinions may seem extreme today, we may learn what it would be like to live as happy human beings in a time dominated by technology. ...
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慶応大学（文）１
筆者が初めてテレビに出演してレポートした時の体験に続けて。 　　I got through it. I'm not sure how good it was ― not very good at all, I imagine, though I tried not to display any of the obvious signs of nervousness: no drying-up, no flickering of the eyes, no shaking in the voice. Afterwards I rang the editor and asked him, with ...
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実践女子大学（文）１
　　Success at university depends as much on how effectively you can communicate as on what you know. Developing your ability to put idea across effectively, whether orally or on paper, is crucial. A powerful case can lose almost all impact if it is put across badly. 単語・熟語 depend on「〜に依存する、〜に左右される」　 e...
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上智大学（外国語）
　　The preferred method in India was to send the suspects into a dark room and have them pull on the tail of a sacred donkey, which was supposed to bray if the person was dishonest. At least that's what the suspects thought. The way the system really worked was that the investigators dusted the donke...
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成蹊大学（法）１
　　Bertrand Russell, who did not believe in God, was once asked what he would do if, following his death, he were to encounter God after all. Russell is supposed to have answered, "I'll ask him: God Almighty, why did you give so little evidence of your existence?" Certainly the awful world in which w...
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聖心女子大学１
　　When strangers meet they often have to decide where to sit or stand in relation to each other. This is not something that they need to discuss, nor is it something they need to consider consciously ― they don't, for example, have to ask themselves whether they should try to be friendly and stand c...
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青山学院大学（文）２
　　　However, if you are to grew, you need to recognize these feelings, and, as much as you are able, put them on a shelf for a bit. Only that effort will enable you to listen carefully when others offer arguments that threaten or violate your current beliefs. This openness is important becasue many o...
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早稲田大学（法）１
　　　Suddenly, almost everyone in England has a mobile phone, but because this is new, unfamiliar technology, there are no set rules of etiquette governing when, how, and in what manner these phones should be used. We have to make up these reles as we go along ― a fascinating process to watch and , fo...
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東京理科大学（理）２
Trust in other people is the essential basis of social living: to survive we must believe that people do not change much, (1) if at all, from day to day and from encounter to encounter, and also that the vast majority do not set out (2) deliberately to deceive or harm us. Indeed, we must believe the...
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同志社大学（政策）１
　　　In rich countries, this is the leisure age. (1) Working hours are shorter and holidays longer, and never have so many people had so much time with which to have a good time. The average middle-class houshold is filled with (2) multiple means of using this time ― televisions, magazines, newspapers...
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北海学園大学（経）１
　　　A Western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me, I don't expect you simply to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add something ― a reason for agreeing, another exampl...
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明治大学（法）１
　　If the condition of fatherhood has taught me one thing, it is the difficulty, if not utter impossibility, of passing on to my (1) offspring the lessons of my separate life. I found out, almost after it was too late, that my children weren't born to learn from my experience; they were born to learn...
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明治大学（法）２
　　　Federal efforts during the past ten years to deal with rising tuition have done little to help low-income families. Both the Clinton and the George W. Bush Administrations introduced tax reductions and other programs to encourage families to set aside money for college. These programs largely ben...
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